Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and has been used as a dietary supplement for the treatment of joint discomfort.

Adjudin is a small molecule compound known to possess antispermatogenic function, attenuates microglia activation by suppression of the NF-κB pathway.

Allatotropin (Manse-AT) is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide. Allatotropin activates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) pathway, and the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) in Manduca sexta.